REPORTED SPEECH / DEL ESTILO DIRECTO AL ESTILO INDIRECTO
De
todos los temas, este probablemente es el más complicado porque para saber
hacer esto hay que saber todo lo demás. Pero no te agobies. Esto es muy
parecido al español.
Direct
Speech / Estilo directo: “I live in London.”
(La misma Mary dice esto.)
Reported
Speech / Estilo indirecto: Mary says that she lives in London. (otra persona
dice que Mary dijo eso)
El
estilo indirecto o reported speech se produce cuando alguien dice o cuenta lo
que otra persona ha dicho.
Por
eso se usan los verbos say y tell.
En este blog tienes ejercicios sobre cuando se utiliza say y cuando
tell. Conviene que los busques y repases. Pero mejor haz eso después de haber
leído todo esto. También hay otros verbos que se pueden usar en lugar de say y tell, como por ejemplo shout (gritar), whisper (susurrar) y muchos más. Pero ahora no los vamos a usar. Vamos a trabajar con say (decir) y (ask) preguntar.
Detrás
del verbo say puede ir o no ir that. She
said (that) she was coming.
Despues de tell no puede ir that si no va por medio una persona, la
persona a la que se dijo lo que se dijo: She told me that she was coming.
Por
lo demás, esto es bastante parecido al español, y hay que usar la lógica.
Si
te fijas en el ejemplo de arriba, en el estilo directo hay quotation marks o
comillas. Lo que ha dicho alguien y que otro alguien luego va a contar, va
entre comillas. “I live in London.”
En
el estilo indirecto no se usan comillas.
Vamos a comparar las dos formulas.
Formula del estilo directo: "I know David and Ana," said Mary.
" + sujeto + verbo en el tiempo correcto + resto de la oración +, +" + said u otro verbo que indique que alguien habló + la persona que habló + .
Míralo bien, que todo eso está ahí en el ejemplo, las comillas y la coma y el punto final incluidos. No te olvides de ponerlo todo.
Formula del estilo indirecto: Mary said she knew David and Ana.
Persona que habla + said u otro verbo que indique que alguien habló + sujeto de lo que se dijo + el verbo de lo que se dijo en el tiempo verbal correspondiente que es distinto al del estilo directo + el resto de la oración +.
La segunda oración, la que está en estilo indirecto, se parece más al español si metes that. That equivale a que. No tienes porque poner that, pero si lo haces, se parece más a la versión española.
Mary said that she knew David and Ana.
Mary dijo que conocía a David y a Ana.
Para pasar de direct speech a
reported speech, hay que hacer una serie de cambios.
Estos
cambios se hacen en los tiempos verbales, en los pronombres, los posesivos y
demostrativos y a veces en lo referente al tiempo y el lugar.
Cambios en los tiempos verbales:
Cuando
se habla, se pueden decir muchas cosas. Así que el cuadro que viene debajo no
es perfecto, pero si sirve para la mayoría de los casos. Este cuadro hay que aprendérselo por narices.
Direct Speech …………………………………………………Indirect
or Reported Speech
Present
Simple………………………………………………Past simple
I open the door. …………………………………………She said (that) she opened the door.
Present
Continuous………………………………………..Past continuous
I am opening the door. …………………………………She
said (that) she was opening the door.
Past
Simple ................................................................Past perfect
I opened the door. ………………………………………She said (that) she had opened the door.
Past
Continuous …………………………………………….Past perfect continuous
I was opening the door.
…………………………………. She said( that) she had been
opening the door.
Present
Perfect Simple………………………………… Past Perfect Simple
I have opened the door.
………………………………She said (that) she had opened the door.
Past
Perfect Simple ……………………………………..Past Perfect Simple (no cambia)
I had opened the door
…………………………………She said (that) she had opened the door.
Future
Simple …………………………………………….. Would (will
se convierte en would)
I
will open the door. ……………………………………. She said (that) she would open the door.
Be
going to ………………………………………………….. Was / were going to
I
am going to open the door. ……………………….
She said she was going to open the door.
Present
continuous as future ………………………. Past continuous as future.
I am opening the door (tomorrow).
…………She said she was opening the door (tomorrow.)
Future
Perfect ………………………………………….. Will se convierte en would.
I will have opened the door by ten
tonight…… She said she would have opened the door by ten tonight.
Future
continuous ………………………………………..Will se convierte en would.
I will be opening the door.
………………………………..She said she would be opening the door.
Present
Perfect Continuous …………………………….. Have /has se convierte en had
I have been opening the door. …………………………She said (that)she had been opening the door.
Past
Perfect Continuous ……………………………………. Igual. No cambia.
She had been opening the door
…………………………She said(that) she had been opening the door.
Can………………………………………………………………………Could
I can open the door. …………………………………………She said (that) she could
open the door.
Could…………………………………………………………………..Could,
no cambia.
I could open the door.
………………………………………She said (that) she could open the door.
Shall…………………………………………………………………...Would
I shall open the door. …………………………………………She
said (that) she would open the door.
Should………………………………………………………..…….…Should,
no cambia.
I should open the door. ………………………………………She
said that she should open the door.
Might
……………………………………………….………………...Might, no cambia.
I might open the door.
………………………………She said (that) she might open the door.
Must
……………………………………………………………Must, no cambia.
I must open the door.
…………………………………She said (that) she must open the door.
Si te fijas, lo que más sucede en el cuadro es que los tiempos presentes se cambian por tiempos pasados.
A) Practice:
Change the following sentences to reported speech.
1. “I like chocolate cake,” said Mary.
2. “Sara is studying medicine,” said Mrs.
Jones.
3. “I saw Elizabeth at the supermarket,”
said Peter.
4. “Anne was dancing with Alfred,” said
Jerry.
5. “Susan has visited us,” said Lisa.
6. “Elizabeth has been to London before,”
said Herbert.
7. “The children had been eating too many
sweets,” said Clover.
8. “I will see Ben later,” said John.
9. “Sondra can help Sam,” said Grace.
10. “I might phone Bill,” said Sara.
11. “Peter must study for the test,” said
Peter’s mother.
12. “I would go to the doctor with
Alice,” said Luisa.
13. “I might have enough money,” said
Paul.
14. “Anne shall come too,” said Harry.
15. “Ron can swim,” said Edward.
Cambios en los pronombres, los posesivos y los demostrativos:
Para hacer estos cambios hay que saberse
bien los pronombres, los posesivos y los demostrativos. Eso es imprescindible.
Esto se tiene que hacer por lógica.
Normalmente es fácil. Porque hay que hacer lo mismo que se hace en español.
Pero hay que acordarse de hacer el cambio siempre que sea necesario.
Lo difícil (tanto en inglés como en
español) a veces es identificar a la persona que representa el pronombre.
Hay casos fáciles, por ejemplo:
1. “I
am happy,” said Mary. / Mary said (that)
she was happy.
En ese ejemplo, está clarísimo. Yo se
convierte en ella, porque representa a Mary.
“Yo soy feliz,” dijo Mary. / Mary dijo
que ella era feliz.
2. “Give it to me,”said Mary. / Mary said to give it to her.
También está bastante claro que se refiere a Mary.
“Dámelo a mí,” dijo Mary. / Mary dijo que se lo diese a ella.
3.
“That is my book,” said Bill.
/ Bill said that was his book.
También está
clarísimo que se trata del libro de Bill.
“Ese es mi libro,” dijo Bill. / Bill dijo
que ese era su libro.
4.
“That is mine,” said Bill. /
Bill said that was his.
También muy claro, la persona que es
dueña es Bill.
“Eso es mío,” dijo Bill. / Bill dijo que
eso era suyo.
5. “I saw you,”
said Mary to Bill. / Mary said to
Bill that she had seen him.
Aquí por lo menos sabemos a quién se
refiere ese you, porque la oración menciona a Bill.
“Te vi,” Mary le dijo a Bill. / Mary le
dijo a Bill que le había visto.
Y
ahora empiezan los problemas:
6. “I saw you,” said Mary. / Mary said that she had seen _____?____.
Aquí tenemos un problema. No sabemos a
quién vio Mary, y por lo tanto no sabemos que pronombre usar. Porque “you”
puede ser cualquiera.
“Te vi,” dijo Mary. / Mary dijo que
__?___ había visto.
Si os encontraseis ante esta situación, podéis hacer varias
cosas. La más fácil es la siguiente.
Podéis asumir que Mary está hablando con
la persona que luego lo cuenta.
Mary said that she saw me. / Mary dijo que me había visto a
mí.
No os compliquéis la vida más. Yo tampoco lo voy a hacer. Cambias you por me y ya está.
7. “You
are rich,” said Mary. Mary said __?___
was / were rich.
No sabemos a quién llama rico Mary, así
que lo más fácil es asumir que se lo dice a la persona que luego lo cuenta.
Mary said that I was rich. / Mary dijo que yo era rica/ rico.
No te compliques más.
8. “We
ate pizza,” said Mary. / Mary said ____?_____ had eaten pizza.
Aquí hay varias respuestas posibles.
Podemos rellenar el hueco con we (
nosotros o nosotras) asumiendo que también comió pizza la persona que luego
cuenta lo que dijo Mary, o podemos usar they
( ellos o ellas) si la persona que luego lo cuenta no estaba entre los que
comieron pizza. Elegir entre we o they, que cualquiera de las dos se va a dar
por válida.
Mary said (that) we had eaten pizza. / Mary said
that they had eaten pizza.
Mary dijo que nosotros / nosotras comimos
pizza. / Mary dijo que ellos / ellas comieron pizza.
9. “Lisa called us,” said Mary. / Mary said (that) Lisa had called ___?____.
Lo mismo que en los ejemplos 4. Y 5.
Elegid entre us (nosotros / nosotras) o
them (ellos, ellas)
Mary
said (that) Lisa had called us. /
Mary said that Lisa had called them.
Mary dijo que Lisa nos había llamado a nosotros / nosotras.
Mary dijo que Lisa les había llamado a
ellos / ellas.
10. “That is our
house,” said Mary. / Mary said that that was our / their house.
Eligid ente our o their.
Mary dijo que esa era nuestra casa. /
Mary dijo que esa era su casa.
11.
“That car is ours,”said Mary. / Mary said that car was ours / theirs.
Elegid entre ours o theirs.
Mary dijo que esa casa era nuestra. / Mary
dijo que esa casa era suya (de ella y más gente, pero no de la persona que
luego lo cuenta.)
CONSEJO
GENERAL: Usa la lógica, y si no identificas a la persona o personas
representadas por un pronombre, lo más fácil es asumir que se refiere o incluye
a la persona que luego cuenta lo que se ha dicho.
This,
that, these, those:
This (esto) se puede convertir en that (eso). Y eso suele
hacer.
These (estos) se puede convertir en those (esos, aquellos).
Y eso suele hacer también.
Por ejemplo:
1. “This
is beautiful,”said Mary. Mary said that
was beautiful.
“Esto es hermoso,” dijo Mary./ Mary dijo
que aquello era hermoso.
2. “These
are beautiful,” said Mary. / Mary said those
were beautiful.
“Estos son hermosos,” dijo Mary. / Mary
dijo que aquellos eran hermosos.
Estos
cambios en realidad dependen del contexto. Tú usa la lógica y yo procuraré
poner ejercicios claros.
B) Practice: Change these sentences from
direct speech to reported speech. Puedes tener que hacer más de un cambio en
algunas de las oraciones.
1.
“Alice is my sister,” said Elsa.
2. “That is his shirt,” said Jane.
3. “Where is he?” asked Edith.
4. “He lives in the red house,” said
Jane.
5. “Where is your dog?” said Patty.
6. “This is yours,” said Andrew.
7. “I told them to go home,” said Amy.
8. “You should eat more vegetables,” said
the doctor.
9. “These books belong to Henry,” said
Mr. Lewis.
10. “Arthur gave us many gifts,” said Karina.
11. “That car is mine,” said Julia.
12. “We had breakfast early this
morning,” said Lucy.
13. “You can use our bicycles,” said Ted
and Ed.
14. “Robert is our brother,” said Sybil
and Anne.
15. “It is too late for me,” said0 Frank.
16. “Alan sent Jill these flowers,” said
Mrs. Smith.
Cambios relacionados con el tiempo:
También es cuestión de lógica y del
contexto.
Unos ejemplos:
1. “I saw Jane today,” said Mary. / Mary said she had seen Jane that day.
2. “I saw Ben yesterday,” said Mary. / Mary said she had seen Ben the day before.
3. “I will see Alice tomorrow,” said Mary. / Mary said she would see Alice the day after.
4. “I have seen Meg before,” said Mary. / Mary said she had seen Meg before.
5. “I saw Susan two months ago,” said Mary. / Mary said she had
seen Susan two months earlier/ before.
6. “I will see Betty next year,” said Mary. / Mary said she would see Betty (the) next year.
7. “I will see George now,” said Mary. / Mary said she would
see George then.
8. “At
that moment, I saw Elsa enter the room,” said Mary. / Mary said she had
seen Elsa enter the room at that moment.
Esta
es una lista de los cambios más frecuentes:
now………………….then, at that time,
today ………………that day
yesterday …………..the day before
tomorrow …………..the day after, the
following day,
next month …………. the next month
last week ……………the week before, the previous week, the past week
two years ago ……….. two years before
Hay muchos casos en que no hay que hacer
cambios.
later ……………………later
at that moment ………..at that moment
earlier……………….earlier
before ……………..before
since ………………..since
C) Practice:
1. “I will go to the cinema tonight,”
said Lisa.
2. “At that moment, Mrs. Brown fainted,”
said Peter. (faint = desmayarse)
3. “The children will go to bed now,”
said Elizabeth.
4. “Mary will see me later,” said Leo.
5. Edward was in Berlin two years ago,”
said Lucas.
6. “I
ate paella yesterday,” said Jessica.
7. “Fatima has never seen her cousins
before,” said Thomas.
8. “The girls went to school the next
day,” said Rita.
Cambios relacionados con el lugar:
Otra vez hay que usar la lógica y fijarse
en el contexto.
El cambio más corriente es poner there
por here.
“Jane was sitting here,” said Mary. / Mary said Jane was sitting here / there.
“Jane estaba sentada ahí,” dijo Mary. /
Mary dijo que Jane estaba sentada ahí / allí.
Si la persona que cuenta lo que dijo Mary
está en el mismo lugar en el que estaba Mary y apunta al mismo sitio al que
apuntó Mary al decir donde estaba sentada Jane, no hace falta cambiar here
por there. Si no es así, hay que cambiar
here por there. La mayoría de los profesores prefieren que hagas el cambio para
demostrar que puedes. Yo prefiero que te fijes en el contexto, si lo hay.
LA
NEGATIVA
Para las oraciones negativas, todo igual
pero en negativa.
Por ejemplo:
1.
“I haven’t seen Jane today,” said Bill. / Bill said he hadn’t seen Jane
that day.
2. “Edgar didn’t eat the pizza,” said
Joseph. / Joseph said Edgar hadn’t eaten the pizza.
3. “The children won’t stop shouting,”
said Sam. / Sam said the children wouldn’t stop shouting.
D) Practice:
1. “The dogs weren’t barking last night,”
said Arthur.
2. “Samantha didn’t open the windows,”
said George.
3. “Susan didn’t go to school this
morning,” said Charles.
4. “They haven’t forgotten your
birthday,” said Georgia.
5. Betty doesn’t know how to read,” said
Darcy.
YES
/NO QUESTIONS / PREGUNTAS QUE SE CONTESTAN CON SÍ O CON NO
Aquí
lo importante es poner “if.” Es igual
que en español, hay que poner “si.” Y en el mismo sitio que en español.
Ejemplos:
1.
“Is Yolanda happy?” asked Seth. / Seth asked if Yolanda was happy.
“¿Es Yolanda feliz?” preguntó Seth. /
Seth preguntó si Yolanda era feliz.
2. “Are they Hungarian?” asked Fred. /
Fred asked if they were Hungarian.
“¿Son ellos húngaros?” preguntó Fred. /
Fred preguntó si ellos eran húngaros.
3. “Were the students in the library?”
asked the teacher. / The teacher asked
if the students were in the library.
“¿Estaban los alumnos en la biblioteca?”
preguntó la maestra. / La maestra preguntó si
los alumnos estaban en la biblioteca.
4. “Have the children had breakfast?”
asked Mrs. Scott. / Mrs. Scott asked if
the children had had breakfast.
“¿Han desayunado los niños?” preguntó la
Señora Scott. / La Señora Scott preguntó
si los niños habían desayunado.
5. “Does Eva play the piano?” asked
Gregory. / Gregory asked if Eva
played the piano.
“¿Toca Eva el piano?” preguntó Gregory. /
Gregory preguntó si Eva tocaba el
piano.
6. “Didn’t you see Mark?” asked Francis.
/ Francis asked if I hadn’t seen Mark.
“¿No vistes a Mark?” preguntó Francis. /
Francis preguntó si yo no vi a Mark.
Este último ejemplo es más fastidiado
porque did se cambia por have. Sí, las
cosas se pueden fastidiar todavía más, pero ni te preocupes. Ya irás
aprendiendo.
Por
supuesto hay que hacer los cambios necesarios como siempre.
E) Practice:
1.
“Am I pretty?” asked the little girl.
2. “Is Priscilla Jane’s sister?” asked
Harry.
3. “Is there enough bread to make
sandwiches?” asked the cook.
4. “Have you seen Theo?” asked Paulina.
5. “Do the neighbours make noise?” asked
Gloria.
7.
“Did John study for the test?” asked John’s mother.
8. “Has Sylvia cleaned the kitchen?”
asked Mr. Bolton.
9. “Does anybody have a pen?” asked
Louis.
10. “Wasn’t Tim Irish?” asked Milton.
11. “Did you sleep well last night?”
asked Eliza.
12. “Did Rose wear a red dress?” asked
Felisa.
QUESTIONS
WITH QUESTION WORDS / PREGUNTAS CON PALABRAS PREGUNTA
Aquí la palabra pregunta encabeza la
cita. Por lo demás recuerda hacer los cambios necesarios.
Unos cuantos ejemplos:
1. “How is Fred?” asked Luther. / Luther
asked how Fred was.
2. “When is the party?” asked Irina. /
Irina asked when the party was.
3. “What did Paul do?” asked Eloisa. /
Eloisa asked what Paul had done.
4. “Who is dancing with Elvira?” asked
Mrs. Lee. / Mrs. Lee asked who was
dancing with Elvira.
5. “Where is the bowl?” asked Martha. /
Martha asked where the bowl was.
6.
“Why is Paul laughing?” asked Rose.
/ Rose asked why Paul was
laughing.
7. “Whose are those flowers?” asked Gina.
/ Gina asked whose flowers those were.
F) Practice:
1. “When will the train arrive?” asked
Lucille.
2. “Where is your school?” asked Petra.
3. “How old is Stella?” asked Bing.
4. “Whose doll is this?” asked Lily.
5. “Who married Cecilia?” asked Martin.
6. “Can Alvin swim?” asked Charlotte.
7. “When should we call our parents?”
asked the girls.
8. “Why are those boys shouting?” asked
Gerard.
9. “How can I open this box?” asked Lana.
10. “To whom did Frank give the money?” asked Al.
11. “Which of these hats is mine?” asked
Celia.
12. “Whose is that house?” asked Walter.
13. “Which ring did she choose?” asked
Elvis.
14. “When are Paul’s friends coming to
dinner?” asked Nancy.
15. “How many cats does Grandma have?”
asked Betty.
Para ser unos estudiantes, ya tenéis más
que suficiente con todo este rollo, por ahora. Pero si queréis más, me lo
pedís. Por ejemplo, ahí van treinta oraciones surtidas en estilo directo para
que practiquéis pasándolas a estilo indirecto si os da la gana.
G) Practice:
1.
“Harry Potter is a character in a popular series of books,” said Emma.
2. “The gardener is planting tulips,”
said Elsie.
3. “Sheila has never eaten sushi,” said
Tommy.
4. “Should I wear a white dress?” asked
Blanca.
5. “Who are Richard’s friends?” asked
Olivia.
6. “Is that lady your mother?” Mary asked
Tom.
7. “Will Edmund marry Emilia?” asked Mrs.
Wales.
8. “I found a pirate´s treasure in a
cave,” said Patrick.
9. “Tim and I are going to a football
match tomorrow,” said Samuel.
10. “How many students are there in Miss
Susan’s class?” asked Felisa.
11. “Were you at home yesterday?” Vicky
asked me.
12. “I remembered to buy Nancy’s birthday
cake,” said Joshua.
13. “Whose bag is that?” asked Fe.
14. “What are you reading?” Mary asked me.
15. “Is Priscilla as pretty as her sister?”
asked Florence-
16. “James wrote that poem many years
ago,” said Helena.
17. “I will go to the bank tomorrow,”
said Alexander.
18.
“I can vote because I am 18 years old,” said George.
19. “When is your birthday?” Anne asked
Robert.
20. “Anna slept here last night,” said
Georgina.
21. “I should clean my room,” said
Veronica.
22. “How do you dance the polka?” asked
Michael.
23. “We could go to the cinema tonight,”
said Martina.
24. “Do you like Italian food?” Monica
asked me?
25. “I water the plants once a week,”
said Angela.
26. “I haven’t seen my uncle in eight
years,” said Albert.
27. “Paula isn’t married to Elvis,” said
Rita.
28. “The lemonade is very sour,” said
Bertha.
29. “Has Mathilda written this letter?”
asked Teddy.
30. “Which dress is more expensive?”
asked Flora.
ANSWERS
/ RESPUESTAS:
A) Practice:
Change the following sentences to reported speech.
1. “I like chocolate cake,” said Mary.
Mary said that she liked chocolate cake.
2. “Sara is studying medicine,” said Mrs.
Jones.
Mrs. Jones said that Sara was studying
medicine.
3. “I saw Elizabeth at the supermarket,”
said Peter.
Peter said he had seen Elizabeth at the
supermarket.
4. “Anne was dancing with Alfred,” said
Jerry.
Jerry said that Anne was dancing with
Alfred.
5. “Susan has visited us,” said Lisa.
Lisa said that Susan had visited us /
them.
6. “Elizabeth has been to London before,”
said Herbert.
Herbert said that Elizabeth had been to
London before.
7. “The children had been eating too many
sweets,” said Clover.
Clover said that the chilren had been
eating too many sweets.
8. “I will see Ben later,” said John.
John said that he would see Ben later.
9. “Sondra can help Sam,” said Grace.
Grace said that Sondra could help Sam.
10. “I might phone Bill,” said Sara.
Sara said that she might phone Bill.
11. “Peter must study for the test,” said
Peter’s mother.
Peter’s mother said that Peter had to
study for the test.
12. “I would go to the doctor with
Alice,” said Luisa.
Luisa said that she would go to the
doctor with Alice.
13. “I might have enough money,” said
Paul.
Paul said that he might have nough money.
14. “Anne will come too,” said Harry.
Harry said that Anne would come too.
15. Ron can swim,” said Edward.
Edward said that Ron could swim.
B) Practice:
1.
“Alice is my sister,” said Elsa.
Elsa said that Alice was her sister.
2. “That is his shirt,” said Jane.
Jane said that that shirt was his. / Jane
said that that was his shirt.
3. “Where is he?” asked Edith.
Edith asked where he was.
4. “He lives in the red house,” said
Jane.
Jane said he lived in the red house.
5. “Where is your dog?” Patty asked me.
Patty asked me where my dog was.
6. “This is yours,” said Andrew.
Andrew said this /that was mine.
7. “I told them to go home,” said Amy.
Amy told them to go home.
8. “You should eat more vegetables,” said
the doctor.
The doctor said I should eat more
vegetables.
9. “These books belong to Henry,” said
Mr. Lewis.
Mr. Lewis said those books belonged to
Henry.
10. “Arthur gave us many gifts,” said Karina.
Karina said that Arthur had given us /
them many gifts.
11. “That car is mine,” said Julia.
Julia said that car was hers.
Julia said that car was her car.
12. “We had breakfast early this
morning,” said Lucy.
Lucy said that they had had breakfast
early that morning.
13. “You can use our bicycles,” said Ted
and Ed.
Ted and Ed said that we could use their
bicycles.
14. “Robert is our brother,” said Sybil
and Anne.
Sybil and Anne said that Robert was their
brother.
15. “It is too late for me,” said Frank.
Frank said it was too late for him.
16. “Alan sent Jill these flowers,” said
Mrs. Smith.
Mrs. Smith said that Alan had sent Jill
those flowers.
C) Practice:
1. “I will go to the cinema tonight,”
said Lisa.
Lisa said that she would go to he cinema
that night.
2. “At that moment, Mrs. Brown fainted,”
said Peter. (faint = desmayarse)
Peter said that at that moment Mrs. Brown
fainted.
3. “The children will go to bed now,”
said Elizabeth.
Elizabeth said that the children would go
to bed then.
4. “Mary will see me later,” said Leo.
Leo said that Mary would see him later.
5. “Edward was in Berlin two years ago,”
said Lucas.
Lucas said that Edward had been in Berlin
two years before.
6. “I
ate paella yesterday,” said Jessica.
Jessica said that she hade aten paella
the day before.
7. “Fatima has never seen her cousins
before,” said Thomas.
Thomas said that Fatima had never seen
her cousins before.
8. “The girls went to school the next
day,” said Rita.
Rita said that the girls had gone to
school the next day.
D) Practice:
1. “The dogs weren’t barking last night,”
said Arthur.
Arthur said the dogs weren’t barking the
previous night.
2. “Samantha didn’t open the windows,”
said George.
George said Samantha hadn’t opened the
windows.
3. “Susan didn’t go to school this
morning,” said Charles.
Charles said that Susan hadn’t gone to
school that morning.
4. “They haven’t forgotten your
birthday,” said Georgia.
Georgia said they hadn’t forgotten my
birthday.
5. Betty doesn’t know how to read,” said
Darcy.
Darcy said that Betty didn’t know how t
oread.
E) Practice:
1.
“Am I pretty?” asked the little girl.
The little girl asked if she was pretty.
2. “Is Priscilla Jane’s sister?” asked
Harry.
Harry asked if Priscilla was Jane’s
sister.
3. “Is there enough bread to make
sandwiches?” asked the cook.
The cook asked if there was enough bread
to make sandwiches.
4. “Have you seen Theo?” asked Paulina.
Paulina asked if I had seen Theo.
5. “Do the neighbours make noise?” asked
Gloria.
Gloria asked if the neighbours made
noise.
7.
“Did John study for the test?” asked John’s mother.
John’s mother asked if John had studied
for the test.
8. “Has Sylvia cleaned the kitchen?”
asked Mr. Bolton.
Mrs. Bolton asked if Sylvia had cleaned
the kitchen.
9. “Does anybody have a pen?” asked
Louis.
Louis asked if anybody had a pen.
10. “Wasn’t Tim Irish?” asked Milton.
Milton asked if Tim was Irish. Probablemente esta es mejor, pero valen
las dos.
Milton asked if Tim wasn’t Irish.
11. “Did you sleep well last night?”
asked Eliza.
Eliza asked if I had slept well the night
before.
12. “Did Rose wear a red dress?” asked
Felisa.
Felisa asked if Rose had worn a red
dress.
F) Practice:
1. “When will the train arrive?” asked
Lucille.
Lucille asked when the train would
arrive.
2. “Where is your school?” asked Petra.
Petra asked where my school was.
3. “How old is Stella?” asked Bing.
Bing asked how old Stella was.
4. “Whose doll is this?” asked Lily.
Lily asked whose doll this was.
5. “Who married Cecilia?” asked Martin.
Martin asked who married Cecilia.
6. “Where was Ned when we needed him?”
asked Christine.
Christine asked where Ned was when we /
they needed him.
7. “When should we call our parents?”
asked the girls.
The girls asked when they should call
their parents.
8. “Why are those boys shouting?” asked
Gerard.
Gerard asked why those boys were shouting.
9. “How can I open this box?” asked Lana.
Lana asked how she could open that box.
10. “To whom did Frank give the money?” asked Al.
Al asked to whom Frank had given the
money.
Al asked who Frank had given the money
to.
11. “Which of these hats is mine?” asked
Celia.
Celia asked which of those hats was hers.
12. “Whose is that house?” asked Walter.
Walter asked whose house that was.
13. “Which ring did she choose?” asked
Elvis.
Elvis asked which ring she had chosen.
14. “When are Paul’s friends coming to
dinner?” asked Nancy.
Nancy asked when Paul’s friends were
coming to dinner.
15. “How many cats does Grandma have?”
asked Betty.
Betty asked how many cats Grandma had. ( her grandma puede también)
G) Practice:
1.
“Harry Potter is a character in a popular series of books,” said Emma.
Emma said that Harry Potter was a
character in a popular series of books.
2. “The gardener is planting tulips,”
said Elsie.
Elsie said that the gardener wa planting
tulips.
3. “Sheila has never eaten sushi,” said
Tommy.
Tommy said that Sheila had never eateh
sushi.
4. “Should I wear a white dress?” asked
Blanca.
Blanca asked if she should wear a white
dress.
5. “Who are Richard’s friends?” asked
Olivia.
Olivia asked who Richard’s friends were.
6. “Is this lady your mother?” Mary asked
Tom.
Mary asked Tom if that lady was his
mother.
7. “Will Edmund marry Emilia?” asked Mrs.
Wales.
Mrs. Wales asked if Edmund would marry
Emilia.
8. “I found a pirate´s treasure in a
cave,” said Patrick.
Patrick said that he had found a pirate´s
treasure in a cave.
9. “Tim and I are going to a football
match tomorrow,” said Samuel.
Samuel said that he and Tim were going to
a football match the next day.
10. “How many students are there in Miss
Susan’s class?” asked Felisa.
Felisa asked how many students there were
in Miss Susan’s class.
11. “Were you at home yesterday?” Vicky
asked me.
Vicky asked me if I was at home the day
before.
12. “I remembered to buy Nancy’s birthday
cake,” said Joshua.
Joshua said he had remembered to buy
Nancy’s birthday cake.
13. “Whose bag is that?” asked Tony.
Tony asked whose that bag was.
14. “What are you reading?” Mary asked
me.
Mary asked me what I wa reading.
15. “Is Priscilla as pretty as her
sister?” asked Florence-
Florence asked if Priscilla was as pretty
as her sister.
16. “James wrote that poem many years
ago,” said Helena.
Helena said that James had written that
poem many years before.
17. “I will go to the bank tomorrow,”
said Alexander.
Alexander said that he would go to the
bank the next day.
18.
“I can vote because I am 18 years old,” said George.
George said that he could vote because he
wa eighteen years old.
19. “When is your birthday?” Anne asked
Robert.
Anne asked Robert when his birthday was.
20. “Anna slept here last night,” said
Georgina.
Georgina
said that Anna had slept there the night before.
21. “I should clean my room,” said
Veronica.
Veronica said that she should clean her
room.
22. “How does one dance the polka?” asked
Michael.
Michael asked how one danced the polka.
23. “We could go to the cinema tonight,”
said Martina.
Martina said that we could go to the
cinema that night.
24. “Do you like Italian food?” Monica
asked me?
Monica asked me if I liked Italian food.
25. “I water the plants once a week,”
said Angela.
Angela said that she watered the plants
once a week.
26. “I haven’t seen my uncle in eight
years,” said Albert.
Albert said that he hadn’t seen his uncle
in eight years.
27. “Paula isn’t married to Elmer,” said
Rita.
Rita said that Paula wasn’t married to
Elmer.
28. “The lemonade is very sour,” said
Bertha.
Bertha said that the lemonade was very
sour.
29. “Has Mathilda written this letter?”
asked Teddy.
Teddy asked if Mathilda had written that
letter.
30. “Which dress is more expensive?”
asked Flora.
Flora asked which dress wa more
expensive.
PARA
PASAR ORACIONES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO AL DIRECTO, SOLO TIENES QUE HACER LOS MISMOS CAMBIOS PERO AL REVÉS. RECUERDA
QUE HAY QUE PONER COMILLAS.
Por ejemplo: Mary said it was getting
dark then. / “It is getting dark now,” said Mary.
Formula del estilo indirecto:
Persona que habló + said o verbo equivalente + sujeto de lo que dijo la persona que hablo + verbo(s) en el tiempo que corresponde + resto con los cambios pertinentes.
Formula del estilo directo:
"+ Sujeto + verbo(s) en el tiempo que corresponde + resto con los cambios necesarios +, + " + verbo said o equivalente + la persona que habla +.
En el ejemplo de arriba, los verbos han cambiado del pasado continuo al presente continuo. Sólo hay un cambio en el resto y es que then se ha convertido en now.
H) Practice:
1. Sam said he was tired.
2. Bill said Carlota was very beautiful.
3. Anne said her dog didn’t bite.
4. Arthur asked me where I lived.
5. Susan asked us if we were sisters.
6. Emily asked me when I had lunch.
7. Nancy said the children were sleeping.
8. Paul asked me if I had a cat.
9. Julie said she had read my book.
10. Herbert said he could swim.
11. Peter asked whose was the blue car.
12. Gina asked Lisa why she was crying.
13. Mara asked Tom if he would take her
home.
14. Angela asked Helen which dress she
had bought.
15. Magda asked Susan if there was a bank
in this neighbourhood.
16. Ralph said he would send his mother
flowers.
17. John’s sister said she was going to
visit her brother.
18. Peter said he hadn’t slept well the
night before.
19. Shaun said he saw the eclipse the
past night.
20. Alfred said he hadn’t seen Peter
before.
21. Vera asked if John was at home.
22. Emilia asked Sam why he was sad.
23. She asked me where I lived.
24. The teacher asked me if I had done my homework.
25. Julie asked me how I felt.
ANSWERS / RESPUESTAS
H ) Practice:
1. Sam said he was tired.
“I am tired,” said Sam.
2. Bill said Carlota was very beautiful.
“Carlota is very beautiful,” said Bill.
3. Anne said her dog didn’t bite.
“My dog doesn’t bire,” said Anne.
4. Arthur asked me where I lived.
“Where do you live?” Arthur asked me.
5. Susan asked us if we were sisters.
“Are you sisters?” Susan asked us.
6. Emily asked me when I had lunch.
“When do you have lunch?” asked Emily.
7. Nancy said the children were sleeping.
“The children are sleeping,” said Nancy.
8. Paul asked me if I had a cat.
“Do you have a cat?” Paul asked me.
9. Julie said she had read my book.
“I have read your book,” said Julie.
10. Herbert said he could swim.
“I can swim,” said Herbert.
11. Peter asked whose was the blue car.
“Whose is the blue car?” asked Peter.
12. Gina asked Lisa why she was crying.
“Why are you crying?” Gina asked Lisa.
13. Mara asked Tom if he would take her
home.
“Will you take me home?” Mara asked Tom.
14. Angela asked Helen which dress she
had bought.
“Which dress did you buy?” Angela asked
Helen.
“Which dress have you bought?” Angela
asked Helen.
15. Magda asked Susan if there was a bank
in this neighbourhood.
“Is there a bank in this neighbourhood?”
Magda asked Susan.
16. Ralph said he would send his mother
flowers.
“I will send my mother flowers,” said
Ralph.
17. John’s sister said she was going to
visit her brother.
“I am going to vist my brother,” said
John’s sister.
18. Peter said he hadn’t slept well the
night before.
“I haven’t slept well last night,” said
Peter.
19. Shaun said he saw the eclipse the
past night.
“I saw the eclipse last night,” said
Shaun.
20. Alfred said he hadn’t seen Peter
before.
“I haven’t seen Peter before,” said
Alfred.
21. Vera asked if John was at home.
"Is John at home?" asked Vera.
22. Emilia asked Sam why he was sad.
"Why are you sad?" Emilia asked Sam.
23. She asked me where I lived.
"Where do you live?" she asked me.
24. The teacher asked me if I had done my homework.
"Have you done your homework?"
25. Julie asked me how I felt.
"How do you feel?" Julie asked me.
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